Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Example for Free

Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Achievement of organizational objective depends on organization structure which is dynamic. Organization structure defines the flow of power and authority geared toward a particular course of action directed by organization’s objective. For organization structure to help to organization objective it is dependent on the employees. Employees operation are guided by the organization supervisors, whose their role is defined in the organization structures. Supervisor operations are dependent of power and authority which help to ensure things in an organization are done in the right way as well as achieving organization goals and objective. In organization management power and authority are very important as they help the organization to be able to direct organization employee toward organizational goals. Power and authority are dependent on the leadership model in an organization. Organizational managers are the leaders who employees report to hence their performance is dependent on the leadership offered by the manager. Achievement of organizational goal shall only be possible if power and authority are employed effectively. Authority and power helps the management to be able to create a productive culture through social process to guide employees’ capacity towards attaining organization goals and objectives. Power and authority helps the leader â€Å"†¦to create, maintain and improve a culture so that people will achieve objective (purpose) and continue to do so over time†¦Leadership in an organizations is a more specific process of influence since it involves goal that have been specified and can be measured or at least evaluated achieved only through employment of power and authority)† (Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006) pp 80). To influence employees toward organization goal, management can employ three ways according to Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006). That is force, manipulation and persuasion. Use of force by the management involves employment of force as well as real application of physical force to compel employees to work. Concept of force requires power to as it call for imposing one person against other employees, often referred to as coercion. Manipulation takes form of social distortion which direct requires the subject to do as they are told without asking questions. Manipulation is different force in that there is no coercion and employees are convinced that they are doing the right thing. Persuasion in an organization attempt to influence the employee to act in a certain way geared towards achieving organizational objectives without force or manipulation. It is dependent on will of the employee and mutual trust. Employment of force manipulation in an organization is dependent on the power and authority bestowed to the various leader or supervisors in the organizational operations. In an organization, authority is provided for by the organizational structure. Organizational structure grants an outline formal distribution of authority in an organization. Authority in an organization is largely provided for by formalization meaning standardized as well as rule and regulations that govern employee operations. Formalization defines the discretion in which an employee can act in his/her duties. â€Å"In an organization with high degrees of formalization, job descriptions and policies provide clear direction. Where formalization is low, employees have a great deal of freedom in deciding how to conduct their work†. In an organization different department exhibit different degree of formalization which may be base on the qualification of the employee to the organization affairs or rank of the employee. Authority is related to power in that it legitimizes supervisors to be able to direct and control subordinates to the intended course of action. Authority helps the supervisor to make decision geared towards organizational objective. Organization has three form of authority namely line authority, staff authority as well as team authority all distributed in the organizational structure. Line authority refers to straight supervisory form superior to subordinate organized such that it flows from top to the bottom of organization structure. Organization structure gives the chain of command which is unbroken line of command defining the decision, making process within an organization. Chain of command defining the authority of different personality in an organization helps employees to know who they are answerable to. This helps to avoid problem of duplication organization activities which comes due to more than one person assigning duties. Line of authority which is the basis of chain of command is linked to line department which are directly connected to production and sales of the organizational products. Examples of line department are marketing and production responsible for performance of the employees and reward. Staff authority as compared to line authority is more pegged to authority to advice base on the expertise and involves advising line managers. Employees help the line departments in coming up with the advices to be used for decision making but they lack authority to make the last decision. Staff supervision through suggestions made by line department decides on what is to be carried in the line department, coordinate as well as provide technical assistance. Team authority is executed by work teams responsible for daily operations in an organization. It comprises of groups of operating employees responsible for coordination of the organization operations. Team based structure as define under team authority in an organization organizes separate functions based on the overall organizational objectives. Authority is dependent to power such that for a supervisor to be able to get things done in accordance to the objectives of the organization power is required. â€Å"Everyone has power in one form or another and it is by exercising this power that organization get thing accomplished. Supervisors who are capable of achieving their objective independently of others are said to possess strength†. To be able to include people in the plan as well as organizational activities, supervisor requires power to get organizational things accomplished. Therefore, power is capability to apply influence in the organizational ahead of authority. This is gotten from the position as established by the organizational structure. In an organization a legitimate power bestowed to various leaders in an organization is established by individual position according to organizational hierarchy. Other forms of power include coercive power, reward power, expert power, referent power as well as information power. Supervisors’ power toward course of action depends on influence in the organization giving authority which may be centralized or decentralized. Centralization means the decision making power is concentrated on top of the management while in decentralization form of decision making authority is in lower level of employees. Relation of authority and power is that authority is the legitimate power of a supervisor to be able to direct employee to a certain course of action in accordance to organization goals. In a nutshell authority is a form of power delegated from the organization main authorities to subordinate.

Macbeth Is A Butcher And Lady Macbeth Is A Fiend-like Queen Essay

In Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, the following statement can be applied, â€Å"Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth is a fiend-like queen.† This is a true statement as many occurrences involving Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray them in this way. A butcher can be defined as someone who kills or has people killed needlessly or brutally. The term butcher used in this way describes Macbeth to some extent. During the play, Macbeth is involved in the murder of many people, including King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduff’s wife and children. A fiend can be described as a very wicked or cruel person, or one who causes mischief and annoyance. This can be applied to Lady Macbeth, who had only her own intentions at heart. On many occasions Lady Macbeth shows fiend-like traits, especially when plotting to kill Duncan, framing the servants after he has been killed, and also when she fails to stop Macbeth from killing Banquo. These events are examples of when the two characters show these traits. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth can be described as being loyal, courageous and noble. He is liked, trusted and respected by everyone around him. However this soon changes after his first encounter with the three witches. This is because the witches inform Macbeth that his life could be far different, therefore changing Macbeth’s perception of his life. In doing this, they do not actually use true powers, they use the power of suggestion. This is where we begin to see a change in Macbeth’s outlook on life and his behaviour. Being the ambitious man that he is, Macbeth’s thoughts become dark, and he secretly thinks about what should be done about King Duncan to increase his own power. In spite of this fact, the play is equivocal as to whether or not Macbeth intended on killing Duncan before he met with the witches. In Act One, Scene three, Macbeth says: This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in truth? I am Thane of Cawdor: In this passage Macbeth seems to be questioning himself as to what he should do next. The first prediction that the witches made has come true, and he is now considering whether or not there will be any truth in the prediction about him becoming king. He seems unsure if he should act upon their predictions or not. Macbeth is eventually persuaded to murder Duncan by his wife. Dunca... ... Macbeth continues this pattern when she fails to stop Macbeth from killing Banquo. She suspects that Macbeth will kill him, but does not convince him otherwise. When Macbeth suggests that he is going to do something about Banquo, she makes no effort to dissuade him. She seems quite pleased that Macbeth is going to do something about Banquo, as it will help her retain her position as Queen. She does not yet feel any remorse for anything that they have done, and seems to think that it is great that Macbeth is finally taking charge of his own treacherous deeds. Throughout the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth can be described as a Butcher, and Lady Macbeth can be described as a fiend-like queen. Many examples supporting this can be found throughout the play. Macbeth can be described as a butcher when he is involved in the murders of King Duncan, Banquo and Macduff’s family. Lady Macbeth can be given the title of a fiend-like queen when she is plotting to murder Duncan, framing the two servants, and when she fails to stop Macbeth from killing Banquo. The traits of these two characters have helped Shakespeare to create a great tragedy, with two recognisable tragic heroes.

Summary-Response in Praise of the F Word

Adrienne Nicole Strunk Writing 115 Chris Risley Summary-Response In Praise of the F Word In her essay â€Å"In Praise of the F word† by Mary Sherry, she talks about how she teaches high school graduates that have been â€Å"cheated† by the education system; that they are â€Å"handed meaningless diplomas. † 2. ) Students were just passed along to the next grade whether they understood the material or not. 3. ) And the students soon discover that themselves later on. 4. ) Sherry describes how her attention-getter to her students was the mention of failure. . ) She recalls a time when her â€Å"world-class c youngest son,† was talking a lot in class and had to have a meeting with his teacher Mrs. Sifter about the situation. 6. ) Sherry simply asked Mrs. Sifter to move her son to a different area so he would focus more. 7. ) Mrs. Sifter’s response was simply â€Å"I don’t move seniors, I flunk them. † 8. ) That’s when she realized her son had completed the rest of Mrs. Sifter’s course without talking but finished out the term with an A. 9. ) The answer is simple, the idea of failure, â€Å"a healthy fear. 10. ) Later on in her essay she explains how people can overcome their problems but they need a reason too. 11. ) Sherry reminds us all that mentioning the idea of flunking can be a â€Å"positive teaching tool,† and she wants to return the choice to give students the opportunity to succeed or fail. In the same way that Sherry wants to give the opportunity to students to fail or succeed; I have been motivated to succeed by the harsh reality of an F on my first psychology test this term in college. . ) I was already on academic probation last term for not passing my classes and the last thing I needed now was to lose my financial aid completely. 3. ) The F was a reality check for me staring at me in the face. 4. ) I have now learned to study harder than I did before. 5. ) I read the long 100 pa ges of my chapter for psychology, highlight key people, key words, and key dates. 6. ) I then re-write what I believe is important in my own words. . ) I go to my 9 am Psychology class three times a week for lectures, and I also participate in the online worksheets. 8. ) I scored better on my second psychology test, but psychology is hard for me in general to understand the concepts, so I continue to finish out this term by busting my bottom on working hard and studying even harder for psychology. 9. ) I have been given the opportunity to succeed or to fail, and I have chosen to succeed.

The 14 Colleges in the MIAA